CMD

Linux Command

Wiki Welcome to the Linux command wiki, providing information about commonly used Linux commands.

Table of Contents

1. Navigation Commands
2. File Management Commands
3. System Information Commands
4. Process Management Commands
5. Package Management Commands

Basic list

Name	Category	Status (Option code)	Description	First appeared
admin	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Create and administer SCCS files	PWB UNIX
alias	Misc	Mandatory	Define or display aliases
ar	Misc	Mandatory	Create and maintain library archives	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
asa	Text processing	Optional (FR)	Interpret carriage-control characters	System V
at	Process management	Mandatory	Execute commands at a later time	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
awk	Text processing	Mandatory	Pattern scanning and processing language	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
basename	Filesystem	Mandatory	Return non-directory portion of a pathname; see also dirname	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
batch	Process management	Mandatory	Schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue
bc	Misc	Mandatory	Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language	Version 6 AT&T UNIX
bg	Process management	Optional (UP)	Run jobs in the background
cc/c99	C programming	Optional (CD)	Compile standard C programs	IEEE Std 1003.1-2001
cal	Misc	Optional (XSI)	Print a calendar	Version 5 AT&T UNIX
cat	Filesystem	Mandatory	Concatenate and print files	PDP-7 UNIX
cd	Filesystem	Mandatory	Change the working directory	Version 6 AT&T UNIX
cflow	C programming	Optional (XSI)	Generate a C-language call graph	System V
chgrp	Filesystem	Mandatory	Change the file group ownership	PWB UNIX
chmod	Filesystem	Mandatory	Change the file modes/attributes/permissions	PDP-7 UNIX
chown	Filesystem	Mandatory	Change the file ownership	PDP-7 UNIX
cksum	Filesystem	Mandatory	Write file checksums and sizes	4.4BSD
cmp	Filesystem	Mandatory	Compare two files; see also diff	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
comm	Text processing	Mandatory	Select or reject lines common to two files	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
command	Shell programming	Mandatory	Execute a simple command
compress	Filesystem	Optional (XSI)	Compress data	4.3BSD
cp	Filesystem	Mandatory	Copy files	PDP-7 UNIX
crontab	Misc	Mandatory	Schedule periodic background work	System V
csplit	Text processing	Mandatory	Split files based on context	PWB UNIX
ctags	C programming	Optional (SD)	Create a tags file	3BSD
cut	Text processing	Mandatory	Cut out selected fields of each line of a file	System III
cxref	C programming	Optional (XSI)	Generate a C-language program cross-reference table	System V
date	Misc	Mandatory	Display the date and time	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
dd	Filesystem	Mandatory	Convert and copy a file	Version 5 AT&T UNIX
delta	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Make a delta (change) to an SCCS file	PWB UNIX
df	Filesystem	Mandatory	Report free disk space	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
diff	Text processing	Mandatory	Compare two files; see also cmp	Version 5 AT&T UNIX
dirname	Filesystem	Mandatory	Return the directory portion of a pathname; see also basename	System III
du	Filesystem	Mandatory	Estimate file space usage	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
echo	Shell programming	Mandatory	Write arguments to standard output	Version 2 AT&T UNIX
ed	Text processing	Mandatory	The standard text editor	PDP-7 UNIX
env	Misc	Mandatory	Set the environment for command invocation	System III
ex	Text processing	Optional (UP)	Text editor	1BSD
expand	Text processing	Mandatory	Convert tabs to spaces	3BSD
expr	Shell programming	Mandatory	Evaluate arguments as an expression	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
false	Shell programming	Mandatory	Return false value	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
fc	Misc	Optional (UP)	Process the command history list
fg	Process management	Optional (UP)	Run jobs in the foreground
file	Filesystem	Mandatory	Determine file type	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
find	Filesystem	Mandatory	Find files	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
fold	Text processing	Mandatory	Filter for folding lines	1BSD
fort77	FORTRAN77 programming	Obsolescent (FD)	FORTRAN compiler	XPG4
fuser	Process management	Optional (XSI)	List process IDs of all processes that have one or more files open	System V
gencat	Misc	Mandatory	Generate a formatted message catalog
get	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Get a version of an SCCS file	PWB UNIX
getconf	Misc	Mandatory	Get configuration values
getopts	Shell programming	Mandatory	Parse utility options
grep	Misc	Mandatory	Search text for a pattern	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
hash	Misc	Mandatory	Hash database access method
head	Text processing	Mandatory	Copy the first part of files	PWB UNIX[citation needed]
iconv	Text processing	Mandatory	Codeset conversion	HP-UX
id	Misc	Mandatory	Return user identity	System V
ipcrm	Misc	Optional (XSI)	Remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory segment identifier	System V
ipcs	Misc	Optional (XSI)	Report interprocess communication facilities status	System V
jobs	Process management	Optional (UP)	Display status of jobs in the current session
join	Text processing	Mandatory	Merges two sorted text files based on the presence of a common field	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
kill	Process management	Mandatory	Terminate or signal processes	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
lex	C programming	Optional (CD)	Generate programs for lexical tasks	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
link	Filesystem	Optional (XSI)	Create a hard link to a file	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
ln	Filesystem	Mandatory	Link files	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
locale	Misc	Mandatory	Get locale-specific information
localedef	Misc	Mandatory	Define locale environment
logger	Shell programming	Mandatory	Log messages	4.3BSD
logname	Misc	Mandatory	Return the user’s login name	4.4BSD
lp	Text processing	Mandatory	Send files to a printer	System V
ls	Filesystem	Mandatory	List directory contents	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
m4	Misc	Mandatory	Macro processor	PWB UNIX
mailx	Misc	Mandatory	Process messages	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
make	Programming	Optional (SD)	Maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs	PWB UNIX
man	Misc	Mandatory	Display system documentation	Version 2 AT&T UNIX
mesg	Misc	Mandatory	Permit or deny messages	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
mkdir	Filesystem	Mandatory	Make directories	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
mkfifo	Filesystem	Mandatory	Make FIFO special files	4.4BSD[dubious – discuss]
more	Text processing	Optional (UP)	Display files on a page-by-page basis	3BSD
mv	Filesystem	Mandatory	Move or rename files	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
newgrp	Misc	Mandatory	Change to a new group	Version 6 AT&T UNIX
nice	Process management	Mandatory	Invoke a utility with an altered nice value	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
nl	Text processing	Optional (XSI)	Line numbering filter	System III
nm	C programming	Optional (SD, XSI)	Write the name list of an object file	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
nohup	Process management	Mandatory	Invoke a utility immune to hangups	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
od	Misc	Mandatory	Dump files in various formats	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
paste	Text processing	Mandatory	Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files	Version 32V AT&T UNIX
patch	Text processing	Mandatory	Apply changes to files	4.3BSD
pathchk	Filesystem	Mandatory	Check pathnames
pax	Misc	Mandatory	Portable archive interchange	4.4BSD[citation needed]
pr	Text processing	Mandatory	Print files	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
printf	Shell programming	Mandatory	Write formatted output	4.3BSD-Reno
prs	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Print an SCCS file	PWB UNIX
ps	Process management	Mandatory	Report process status	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
pwd	Filesystem	Mandatory	Print working directory	Version 5 AT&T UNIX
qalter	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Alter batch job
qdel	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Delete batch jobs
qhold	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Hold batch jobs
qmove	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Move batch jobs
qmsg	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Send message to batch jobs
qrerun	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Rerun batch jobs
qrls	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Release batch jobs
qselect	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Select batch jobs
qsig	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Signal batch jobs
qstat	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Show status of batch jobs
qsub	Batch utilities	Obsolescent (BE)	Submit a script
read	Shell programming	Mandatory	Read a line from standard input
readlink	Misc		Returns the target of a symbolic link	2.1BSD[1]
renice	Process management	Mandatory	Set nice values of running processes	4BSD
rm	Filesystem	Mandatory	Remove directory entries	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
rmdel	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Remove a delta from an SCCS file	PWB UNIX
rmdir	Filesystem	Mandatory	Remove directories, if they are empty.	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
sact	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Print current SCCS file-editing activity	System III
sccs	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Front end for the SCCS subsystem	4.3BSD
sed	Text processing	Mandatory	Stream editor	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
sh	Shell programming	Mandatory	Shell, the standard command language interpreter	Version 7 AT&T UNIX (in earlier versions, sh was either the Thompson shell or the PWB shell)
sleep	Shell programming	Mandatory	Suspend execution for an interval	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
sort	Text processing	Mandatory	Sort, merge, or sequence check text files	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
split	Misc	Mandatory	Split files into pieces	Version 3 AT&T UNIX
strings	C programming	Mandatory	Find printable strings in files	2BSD
strip	C programming	Optional (SD)	Remove unnecessary information from executable files	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
stty	Misc	Mandatory	Set the options for a terminal	Version 2 AT&T UNIX
tabs	Misc	Mandatory	Set terminal tabs	PWB UNIX
tail	Text processing	Mandatory	Copy the last part of a file	PWB UNIX[citation needed]
talk	Misc	Optional (UP)	Talk to another user	4.2BSD
tee	Shell programming	Mandatory	Duplicate the standard output	Version 5 AT&T UNIX
test	Shell programming	Mandatory	Evaluate expression	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
time	Process management	Mandatory	Time a simple command	Version 3 AT&T UNIX
touch	Filesystem	Mandatory	Change file access and modification times	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
tput	Misc	Mandatory	Change terminal characteristics	System V
tr	Text processing	Mandatory	Translate characters	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
true	Shell programming	Mandatory	Return true value	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
tsort	Text processing	Mandatory	Topological sort	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
tty	Misc	Mandatory	Return user’s terminal name	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
type	Misc	Optional (XSI)	Displays how a name would be interpreted if used as a command
ulimit	Misc	Optional (XSI)	Set or report file size limit
umask	Misc	Mandatory	Get or set the file mode creation mask	System III
unalias	Misc	Mandatory	Remove alias definitions
uname	Misc	Mandatory	Return system name	PWB UNIX
uncompress	Misc	Optional (XSI)	Expand compressed data	4.3BSD
unexpand	Text processing	Mandatory	Convert spaces to tabs	3BSD
unget	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Undo a previous get of an SCCS file	System III
uniq	Text processing	Mandatory	Report or filter out repeated lines in a file	Version 3 AT&T UNIX
unlink	Filesystem	Optional (XSI)	Call the unlink function	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
uucp	Network	Optional (UU)	System-to-system copy	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
uudecode	Network	Mandatory	Decode a binary file	4BSD
uuencode	Network	Mandatory	Encode a binary file	4BSD
uustat	Network	Optional (UU)	uucp status inquiry and job control	System III
uux	Process management	Optional (UU)	Remote command execution	Version 7 AT&T UNIX
val	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Validate SCCS files	System III
vi	Text processing	Optional (UP)	Screen-oriented (visual) display editor	1BSD
wait	Process management	Mandatory	Await process completion	Version 4 AT&T UNIX
wc	Text processing	Mandatory	Line, word and byte or character count	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
what	SCCS	Optional (XSI)	Identify SCCS files	PWB UNIX
who	System administration	Mandatory	Display who is on the system	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
write	Misc	Mandatory	Write to another user’s terminal	Version 1 AT&T UNIX
xargs	Shell programming	Mandatory	Construct argument lists and invoke utility	PWB UNIX
yacc	C programming	Optional (CD)	Yet another compiler compiler	PWB UNIX
zcat	Text processing	Optional (XSI)	Expand and concatenate data	4.3BSD

Advance list

A
	&	Start a new process in the background
	alias	Create an alias •
	apropos	Search Help manual pages (man -k)
	apt	Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
	apt-get	Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
	aptitude	Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu)
	aspell	Spell Checker
	at	Schedule a command to run once at a particular time
	awk	Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
B
	basename	Strip directory and suffix from filenames
	base32	Base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output
	base64	Base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output
	bash	GNU Bourne-Again SHell
	bc	Arbitrary precision calculator language
	bg	Send to background
	bind	Set or display readline key and function bindings •
	break	Exit from a loop •
	builtin	Run a shell builtin
	bzip2	Compress or decompress named file(s)
C
	cal	Display a calendar
	caller	Return the context of any active subroutine call •
	case	Conditionally perform a command
	cat	Concatenate and print (display) the content of files
	cd	Change Directory
	cfdisk	Partition table manipulator for Linux
	chattr	Change file attributes on a Linux file system
	chgrp	Change group ownership
	chmod	Change access permissions
	chown	Change file owner and group
	chpasswd	Update passwords in batch mode
	chroot	Run a command with a different root directory
	chkconfig	System services (runlevel)
	cksum	Print CRC checksum and byte counts
	clear	Clear the terminal screen/console (ncurses)
	clear_console	Clear the terminal screen/console (bash)
	cmp	Compare two files
	comm	Compare two sorted files line by line
	command	Run a command - ignoring shell functions •
	continue	Resume the next iteration of a loop •
	cp	Copy one or more files to another location
	cpio	Copy files to and from archives
	cron	Daemon to execute scheduled commands
	crontab	Schedule a command to run at a later time
	csplit	Split a file into context-determined pieces
	curl	Transfer data from or to a server
	cut	Divide a file into several parts
D
	date	Display or change the date & time
	dc	Desk Calculator
	dd	Data Duplicator - convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records
	ddrescue	Data recovery tool
	declare	Declare variables and give them attributes •
	df	Display free disk space
	diff	Display the differences between two files
	diff3	Show differences among three files
	dig	DNS lookup
	dir	Briefly list directory contents
	dircolors	Colour setup for ‘ls’
	dirname	Convert a full pathname to just a path
	dirs	Display list of remembered directories
	dos2unix	Windows/MAC to UNIX text file format converter
	dmesg	Print kernel & driver messages
	dpkg	Package manager (Debian/Ubuntu).
	du	Estimate file space usage
E
	echo	Display message on screen •
	egrep	Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression
	eject	Eject removable media
	enable	Enable and disable builtin shell commands •
	env	Environment variables
	ethtool	Ethernet card settings
	eval	Evaluate several commands/arguments
	exec	Execute a command
	exit	Exit the shell
	expand	Convert tabs to spaces
	export	Set an environment variable
	expr	Evaluate expressions
F
	false	Do nothing, unsuccessfully
	fdformat	Low-level format a floppy disk
	fdisk	Partition table manipulator for Linux
	fg	Send job to foreground
	fgrep	Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
	file	Determine file type
	find	Search for files that meet a desired criteria
	fmt	Reformat paragraph text
	fold	Wrap text to fit a specified width
	for	Expand words, and execute commands
	format	Format disks or tapes
	free	Display memory usage
	fsck	File system consistency check and repair
	ftp	File Transfer Protocol
	function	Define Function Macros
	fuser	Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
G
	gawk	Find and Replace text within file(s)
	getopts	Parse positional parameters
	getfacl	Get file access control lists
	grep	Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
	groupadd	Add a user security group
	groupdel	Delete a group
	groupmod	Modify a group
	groups	Print group names a user is in
	gzip	Compress or decompress named file(s)
H
	hash	Remember the full pathname of a name argument
	head	Output the first part of file(s)
	help	Display help for a built-in command •
	history	Command History
	hostname	Print or set system name
	htop	Interactive process viewer
I
	iconv	Convert the character set of a file
	id	Print user and group id’s
	if	Conditionally perform a command
	ifconfig	Configure a network interface
	ifdown	Stop a network interface
	ifup	Start a network interface up
	import	Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
	install	Copy files and set attributes
	iostat	Report CPU and i/o statistics
	ip	Routing, devices and tunnels
J
	jobs	List active jobs •
	join	Join lines on a common field
K
	kill	Kill a process by specifying its PID
	killall	Kill processes by name
	klist	List cached Kerberos tickets
L
	less	Display output one screen at a time
	let	Perform arithmetic on shell variables •
	link	Create a link to a file
	ln	Create a symbolic link to a file
	local	Create a function variable •
	locate	Find files
	logname	Print current login name
	logout	Exit a login shell •
	look	Display lines beginning with a given string
	lpc	Line printer control program
	lpr	Print files
	lprint	Print a file
	lprintd	Delete a print job
	lprintq	List the print queue
	lprm	Remove jobs from the print queue
	lsattr	List file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
	lsblk	List block devices
	ls	List information about file(s)
	lsof	List open files
	lspci	List all PCI devices
M
	make	Recompile a group of programs
	man	Help manual
	mapfile	Read lines from standard input into an indexed array variable •
	mkdir	Create new folder(s)
	mkfifo	Make FIFOs (named pipes)
	mkfile	Make a file
	mkisofs	Create a hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem
	mknod	Make block or character special files
	mktemp	Make a temporary file
	more	Display output one screen at a time
	most	Browse or page through a text file
	mount	Mount a file system
	mtools	Manipulate MS-DOS files
	mtr	Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping)
	mv	Move or rename files or directories
	mmv	Mass Move and rename (files)
N
	nc	Netcat, read and write data across networks
	netstat	Networking connections/stats
	nft	nftables for packet filtering and classification
	nice	Set the priority of a command or job
	nl	Number lines and write files
	nohup	Run a command immune to hangups
	notify-send	Send desktop notifications
	nslookup	Query Internet name servers interactively
O
	open	Open a file in its default application
	op	Operator access
P
	passwd	Modify a user password
	paste	Merge lines of files
	pathchk	Check file name portability
	Perf	Performance analysis tools for Linux
	ping	Test a network connection
	pgrep	List processes by name
	pkill	Kill processes by name
	popd	Restore the previous value of the current directory
	pr	Prepare files for printing
	printcap	Printer capability database
	printenv	Print environment variables
	printf	Format and print data •
	ps	Process status
	pushd	Save and then change the current directory
	pv	Monitor the progress of data through a pipe
	pwd	Print Working Directory
Q
	quota	Display disk usage and limits
	quotacheck	Scan a file system for disk usage
R
	ram	ram disk device
	rar	Archive files with compression
	rcp	Copy files between two machines
	read	Read a line from standard input •
	readarray	Read from stdin into an array variable •
	readonly	Mark variables/functions as readonly
	reboot	Reboot the system
	rename	Rename files
	renice	Alter priority of running processes
	remsync	Synchronize remote files via email
	return	Exit a shell function
	rev	Reverse lines of a file
	rm	Remove files
	rmdir	Remove folder(s)
	rsync	Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
S
	screen	Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh
	scp	Secure copy (remote file copy)
	sdiff	Merge two files interactively
	sed	Stream Editor
	select	Accept user choices via keyboard input
	seq	Print numeric sequences
	set	Manipulate shell variables and functions
	setfacl	Set file access control lists.
	sftp	Secure File Transfer Program
	sha256sum	Compute and check SHA256 (256-bit) checksums
	shift	Shift positional parameters
	shopt	Shell Options
	shuf	Generate random permutations
	shutdown	Shutdown or restart linux
	sleep	Delay for a specified time
	slocate	Find files
	sort	Sort text files
	source	Run commands from a file ’.’  •
	split	Split a file into fixed-size pieces
	ss	Socket Statistics
	ssh	Secure Shell client (remote login program)
	stat	Display file or file system status
	strace	Trace system calls and signals
	su	Substitute user identity
	sudo	Execute a command as another user
	sum	Print a checksum for a file
	suspend	Suspend execution of this shell •
	sync	Synchronize data on disk with memory
T
	tail	Output the last part of a file
	tar	Store, list or extract files in an archive
	tee	Redirect output to multiple files
	test	Evaluate a conditional expression
	time	Measure Program running time
	timeout	Run a command with a time limit
	times	User and system times
	tmux	Terminal multiplexer
	touch	Change file timestamps
	top	List processes running on the system
	tput	Set terminal-dependent capabilities, color, position
	traceroute	Trace Route to Host
	trap	Execute a command when the shell receives a signal •
	tr	Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
	true	Do nothing, successfully
	tsort	Topological sort
	tty	Print filename of terminal on stdin
	type	Describe a command •
U
	ulimit	Limit user resources •
	umask	Users file creation mask
	umount	Unmount a device
	unalias	Remove an alias •
	uname	Print system information
	unexpand	Convert spaces to tabs
	uniq	Uniquify files
	units	Convert units from one scale to another
	unix2dos	UNIX to Windows or MAC text file format converter
	unrar	Extract files from a rar archive
	unset	Remove variable or function names
	unshar	Unpack shell archive scripts
	until	Execute commands (until error)
	uptime	Show uptime
	useradd	Create new user account
	userdel	Delete a user account
	usermod	Modify user account
	users	List users currently logged in
	uuencode	Encode a binary file
	uudecode	Decode a file created by uuencode
V
	v	Verbosely list directory contents (‘ls -l -b’)
	vdir	Verbosely list directory contents (‘ls -l -b’)
	vi	Text Editor
	vmstat	Report virtual memory statistics
W
	w	Show who is logged on and what they are doing
	wait	Wait for a process to complete •
	watch	Execute/display a program periodically
	wc	Print byte, word, and line counts
	whereis	Search the user’s $path, man pages and source files for a program
	which	Search the user’s $path for a program file
	while	Execute commands
	who	Print all usernames currently logged in
	whoami	Print the current user id and name (‘id -un’)
	wget	Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP
	write	Send a message to another user
X
	xargs	Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)
	xdg-open	Open a file or URL in the user’s preferred application.
	xxd	Make a hexdump or do the reverse
	xz	Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files
	yes	Print a string until interrupted
	zip	Package and compress (archive) files
	.	Run a command script in the current shell
	!!	Run the last command again
		Comment / Remark

Bash How-to guides and examples

Arguments	Shell parameters.
Array variables	Array Variables.
Functions	Define Function Macros.
Permissions	Allow or Deny actions.
Redirection	Spooling to and from files.
Pipes	Redirect the output from one command as input for another.
Shell variables	Default Shell variables / bash variables.
Local vars	Create environment variables in bash.

Looping constructs:

if-then-else	Conditionally perform a command.
for	Expand words, and execute commands.
until	Execute commands (until error).
while	Execute commands.
break	Control loop execution.
continue	Control loop execution.

Evaluating expressions:

Arithmetic expressions.
Using brackets to Group and expand expressions.
Conditional Execution command_A_ AND/OR command_B_
Command Substitution
Escape Characters, delimiters and Quotes
File operators/Comparisions - exists, greater than,-a, -nt
Shell expansion { } ~ &{}()
Wildcards Pattern matching

Working with the bash Shell:

Run script	Run a bash shell script.
Here documents	and Here Strings
Job Control	Suspend and resume a process.
Keyboard	Cursor control - Cut & paste.
.bashrc	Startup files (Startup scripts and Aliases).
.inputrc	Startup files (Set Key bindings and Tab completion).
Prompt	Prompt variable.
	Comment / Remark.
BashBangSplat	Pronunciation guide for unix.
vi editor	vi commands.
Xterm colours	256 Colors for the XTerm prompt (console).

The pronounciation for Linux is ‘Lyn-ux’ not ‘Line-ux’ Listen to Linus .

See also: Websites, Books, OS Downloads, Apps & Utilities for GNU/Linux.

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